Project Page Index Table of Contents

# Library prosa.util.list

From mathcomp Require Import ssreflect ssrbool eqtype ssrnat seq path fintype bigop.
Require Export mathcomp.zify.zify.
Require Import prosa.util.tactics.
Require Export prosa.util.supremum.

# Maximum, First, and Last Element of Empty Lists

We define a few simple operations on lists that return zero for empty lists: max0, first0, and last0.
Definition max0 := foldl maxn 0.
Definition first0 := head 0.
Definition last0 := last 0.

## Lemmas about last0.

Let xs be a non-empty sequence and x be an arbitrary element, then we prove that last0 (x::xs) = last0 xs.
Lemma last0_cons :
∀ x xs,
xs ≠ [::] →
last0 (x::xs) = last0 xs.
Proof. by move⇒ x; elim. Qed.
Similarly, let xs_r be a non-empty sequence and xs_l be any sequence, we prove that last0 (xs_l ++ xs_r) = last0 xs_r.
Lemma last0_cat :
∀ xs_l xs_r,
xs_r ≠ [::] →
last0 (xs_l ++ xs_r) = last0 xs_r.
Proof.
elim⇒ [//|xs xs_l IHxs_l] n NEQ.
simpl; rewrite last0_cons.
- by apply IHxs_l.
- by intros C; apply: NEQ; destruct xs_l.
Qed.
We also prove that last0 xs = xs [| size xs -1 |] .
Lemma last0_nth :
∀ xs,
last0 xs = nth 0 xs (size xs).-1.
Proof. by intros; rewrite nth_last. Qed.
We prove that for any non-empty sequence xs there is a sequence xsh such that xsh ++ [::last0 x] = [xs].
Lemma last0_ex_cat :
∀ x xs,
xs ≠ [::] →
last0 xs = x →
∃ xsh, xsh ++ [::x] = xs.
Proof.
move⇒ x; elim⇒ [//|a xs IHxs] NEQ LAST.
destruct xs.
- by ∃ [::]; move: LAST; rewrite /last0 /= ⇒ →.
- feed_n 2 IHxs; try by done.
destruct IHxs as [xsh EQ].
by ∃ (a::xsh); rewrite //= EQ.
Qed.
We prove that if x is the last element of a sequence xs and x satisfies a predicate, then x remains the last element in the filtered sequence.
Lemma last0_filter :
∀ x xs (P : nat → bool),
xs ≠ [::] →
last0 xs = x →
P x →
last0 [seq x <- xs | P x] = x.
Proof.
clear; intros x xs P NEQ LAST PX.
destruct (last0_ex_cat x xs NEQ LAST) as [xsh EQ]; subst xs.
rewrite filter_cat last0_cat.
all:rewrite //= PX //=.
Qed.

## Lemmas about max0.

First we prove that max0 (x::xs) is equal to max {x, max0 xs}.
Lemma max0_cons : ∀ x xs, max0 (x :: xs) = maxn x (max0 xs).
Proof. by move⇒ x xs; rewrite /max0 !foldlE /= !big_cons maxnCA. Qed.
Next, we prove that if all the numbers of a seq xs are equal to a constant k, then max0 xs = k.
Lemma max0_of_uniform_set :
∀ k xs,
size xs > 0 →
(∀ x, x \in xs → x = k) →
max0 xs = k.
Proof.
move⇒ k; elim⇒ [//|a xs IHxs] SIZE ALL.
destruct xs as [|b xs].
- rewrite /max0 //= max0n; apply ALL.
by rewrite in_cons; apply/orP; left.
- rewrite max0_cons IHxs; [ | by done | ].
+ by rewrite [a]ALL; [ rewrite maxnn | rewrite in_cons; apply/orP; left].
+ move⇒ x H; apply ALL.
rewrite in_cons; move: H ⇒ /orP [/eqP EQ | IN].
× by subst x; rewrite !in_cons; apply/orP; right; apply/orP; left.
× by rewrite !in_cons; apply/orP; right; apply/orP; right.
Qed.
We prove that no element in a sequence xs is greater than max0 xs.
Lemma in_max0_le :
∀ xs x, x \in xs → x ≤ max0 xs.
Proof.
elim⇒ [//|a xs IHxs] x.
rewrite in_cons ⇒ /orP [/eqP EQ | IN]; subst.
- by rewrite !max0_cons leq_maxl.
- apply leq_trans with (max0 xs); first by eauto.
by rewrite max0_cons; apply leq_maxr.
Qed.
We prove that for a non-empty sequence xs, max0 xs ∈ xs.
Lemma max0_in_seq :
∀ xs,
xs ≠ [::] →
max0 xs \in xs.
Proof.
elim⇒ [//|a xs IHxs] _.
destruct xs as [|n xs].
- destruct a; simpl; first by done.
by rewrite /max0 //= max0n in_cons eq_refl.
- rewrite max0_cons.
move: (leq_total a (max0 (n::xs))) ⇒ /orP [LE|LE].
+ by rewrite maxnE subnKC // in_cons; apply/orP; right; apply IHxs.
+ rewrite maxnE; move: LE; rewrite -subn_eq0 ⇒ /eqP EQ.
by rewrite EQ addn0 in_cons; apply/orP; left.
Qed.
We prove a technical lemma stating that one can remove duplicating element from the head of a sequence.
Lemma max0_2cons_eq :
∀ x xs,
max0 (x::x::xs) = max0 (x::xs).
Proof. by intros; rewrite !max0_cons maxnA maxnn. Qed.
Similarly, we prove that one can remove the first element of a sequence if it is not greater than the second element of this sequence.
Lemma max0_2cons_le :
∀ x1 x2 xs,
x1 ≤ x2 →
max0 (x1::x2::xs) = max0 (x2::xs).
Proof.
by move⇒ x1 x2 ? ?; rewrite !max0_cons maxnA [maxn x1 x2]maxnE subnKC.
Qed.
We prove that max0 of a sequence xs is equal to max0 of sequence xs without 0s.
Lemma max0_rem0 :
∀ xs,
max0 ([seq x <- xs | 0 < x]) = max0 xs.
Proof.
elim⇒ [//|a xs IHxs].
simpl; destruct a; simpl.
- by rewrite max0_cons max0n.
- by rewrite !max0_cons IHxs.
Qed.
Note that the last element is at most the max element.
Lemma last_of_seq_le_max_of_seq :
∀ xs, last0 xs ≤ max0 xs.
Proof.
intros xs.
have EX: ∃ len, size xs ≤ len.
{ by ∃ (size xs). }
move: EX ⇒ [len LE].
generalize dependent xs; elim: len ⇒ [|n IHlen] xs LE.
- by intros; move: LE; rewrite leqn0 size_eq0 ⇒ /eqP EQ; subst.
- move: LE; rewrite leq_eqVlt ⇒ /orP [/eqP EQ| LE]; last by apply IHlen.
destruct xs as [ | x1 xs]; first by inversion EQ.
destruct xs as [ | x2 xs]; first by rewrite /max leq_max; apply/orP; right.
have ->: last0 [:: x1, x2 & xs] = last0 [:: x2 & xs] by done.
rewrite max0_cons leq_max; apply/orP; right; apply IHlen.
move: EQ ⇒ /eqP; simpl; rewrite eqSS ⇒ /eqP EQ.
by subst.
Qed.
If any element of a sequence xs is less-than-or-equal-to the corresponding element of a sequence ys, then max0 of xs is less-than-or-equal-to max of ys.
Lemma max_of_dominating_seq :
∀ xs ys,
(∀ n, (nth 0 xs n) ≤ (nth 0 ys n)) →
max0 xs ≤ max0 ys.
Proof.
intros xs ys.
have EX: ∃ len, size xs ≤ len ∧ size ys ≤ len.
{ ∃ (maxn (size xs) (size ys)).
by split; rewrite leq_max; apply/orP; [left | right].
}
move: EX ⇒ [len [LE1 LE2]].
generalize dependent xs; generalize dependent ys.
elim: len ⇒ [ | len IHlen] xs LE1 ys LE2.
{ by move: LE1 LE2; rewrite !leqn0 !size_eq0 ⇒ /eqP E1 /eqP E2; subst. }
{ move: xs ys LE1 LE2 ⇒ [ |x xs] [//|y ys] LE1 LE2 H.
{ have L: ∀ xs, (∀ n, (nth 0 xs n) = 0) → max0 xs = 0.
{ clear; elim⇒ [//|x xs IHxs] H.
rewrite max0_cons.
apply/eqP; rewrite eqn_leq; apply/andP; split; last by done.
rewrite geq_max; apply/andP; split.
- by specialize (H 0); simpl in H; rewrite H.
- rewrite leqn0; apply/eqP; apply: IHxs.
by move⇒ n; specialize (H n.+1); simpl in H.
}
rewrite L; first by done.
move⇒ n0; specialize (H n0).
by destruct n0; simpl in *; apply/eqP; rewrite -leqn0.
}
{ rewrite !max0_cons geq_max; apply/andP; split.
+ rewrite leq_max; apply/orP; left.
by specialize (H 0); simpl in H.
+ rewrite leq_max; apply/orP; right.
apply IHlen; try (by rewrite ltnS in LE1, LE2).
by move⇒ n1; specialize (H n1.+1); simpl in H.
}
}
Qed.

# Additional Lemmas about rem

We prove that if x lies in xs excluding y, then x also lies in xs.
Lemma rem_in :
∀ {X : eqType} (x y : X) (xs : seq X),
x \in rem y xs → x \in xs.
Proof.
move⇒ X x y; elim⇒ [|a xs IHxs] /= H.
{ by rewrite in_nil in H. }
{ rewrite in_cons; apply/orP.
destruct (a == y) eqn:EQ.
{ by move: EQ ⇒ /eqP EQ; subst a; right. }
{ move: H; rewrite in_cons ⇒ /orP [/eqP H | H].
- by subst a; left.
- by right; apply IHxs.
}
}
Qed.
Similarly, we prove that if x ≠ y and x lies in xs, then x lies in xs excluding y.
Lemma in_neq_impl_rem_in :
∀ {X : eqType} (x y : X) (xs : seq X),
x \in xs →
x != y →
x \in rem y xs.
Proof.
move⇒ X x y; elim⇒ [//|a xs IHxs].
rewrite in_cons ⇒ /orP [/eqP EQ | IN]; intros NEQ.
{ rewrite -EQ //=.
move: NEQ; rewrite -eqbF_neg ⇒ /eqP →.
by rewrite in_cons; apply/orP; left.
}
{ simpl; destruct (a == y) eqn:AD; first by done.
rewrite in_cons; apply/orP; right.
by apply IHxs.
}
Qed.
We prove that if we remove an element x for which P x from a filter, then the size of the filter decreases by 1.
Lemma filter_size_rem :
∀ {X : eqType} (x : X) (xs : seq X) (P : pred X),
(x \in xs) →
P x →
size [seq y <- xs | P y] = size [seq y <- rem x xs | P y] + 1.
Proof.
move⇒ X x + P + H0; elim⇒ [|a xs IHxs] H; first by inversion H.
move: H; rewrite in_cons ⇒ /orP [/eqP H | H]; subst.
{ by simpl; rewrite H0 -[X in X = _]addn1 eq_refl. }
{ specialize (IHxs H); simpl in ×.
case EQab: (a == x); simpl.
{ move: EQab ⇒ /eqP EQab; subst.
by rewrite H0 addn1. }
{ case Pa: (P a); simpl.
- by rewrite IHxs !addn1.
- by rewrite IHxs.
}
}
Qed.

# Misc. Additional Lemmas about Sequences

First, we show that a sequence xs contains the same elements as a sequence undup xs.
Lemma in_seq_equiv_undup :
∀ {X : eqType} (xs : seq X) (x : X),
(x \in undup xs) = (x \in xs).
Proof.
move⇒ X xs; induction xs as [ | x0 xs IHxs]; first by done.
move⇒ x; rewrite in_cons //=; case IN: (x0 \in xs).
- case EQ: (x == x0).
+ by move: EQ ⇒ /eqP EQ; subst; rewrite orTb IHxs.
+ by rewrite orFb; apply IHxs.
- by rewrite in_cons IHxs.
Qed.
We show that if n > 0, then nth (x::xs) n = nth xs (n-1).
Lemma nth0_cons :
∀ x xs n,
n > 0 →
nth 0 (x :: xs) n = nth 0 xs n.-1.
Proof. by move⇒ ? ? []. Qed.
Equality of singleton lists is identical to equality of option types.
Lemma seq1_some {T : eqType} :
∀ (x y : T),
([:: x] == [:: y]) = (Some x == Some y).
Proof.
move⇒ x y.
case: (eqVneq x y) ⇒ [-> //=|/eqP NEQ]; first by rewrite !eq_refl.
apply/eqP; rewrite ifF.
- by move⇒ []EQ; apply: NEQ.
- by apply/negbTE/eqP ⇒ -[].
Qed.
We prove that a sequence xs of size n.+1 can be destructed into a sequence xs_l of size n and an element x such that x = xs ++ [::x].
Lemma seq_elim_last :
∀ {X : Type} (n : nat) (xs : seq X),
size xs = n.+1 →
∃ x xs__c, xs = xs__c ++ [:: x] ∧ size xs__c = n.
Proof.
intros X n xs SIZE.
elim: n xs SIZE ⇒ [|n IHn] xs SIZE.
- destruct xs as [|x xs]; first by done.
destruct xs; last by done.
by ∃ x, [::]; split.
- destruct xs as [|x xs]; first by done.
specialize (IHn xs).
feed IHn; first by simpl in SIZE; apply eq_add_S in SIZE.
destruct IHn as [x__n [xs__n [EQ__n SIZE__n]]]; subst xs.
∃ x__n, (x :: xs__n); split; first by done.
simpl in SIZE; apply eq_add_S in SIZE.
rewrite size_cat //= in SIZE; rewrite addn1 in SIZE; apply eq_add_S in SIZE.
by apply eq_S.
Qed.
Next, we prove that x ∈ xs implies that xs can be split into two parts such that xs = xsl ++ [::x] ++ [xsr].
Lemma in_cat :
∀ {X : eqType} (x : X) (xs : list X),
x \in xs → ∃ xsl xsr, xs = xsl ++ [::x] ++ xsr.
Proof.
move⇒ X x; elim⇒ [//|a xs IHxs] SUB.
move: SUB; rewrite in_cons ⇒ /orP [/eqP EQ|IN].
- by subst; ∃ [::], xs.
- feed IHxs; first by done.
clear IN; move: IHxs ⇒ [xsl [xsr EQ]].
by subst; ∃ (a::xsl), xsr.
Qed.
We prove that for any two sequences xs and ys the fact that xs is a sub-sequence of ys implies that the size of xs is at most the size of ys.
Lemma subseq_leq_size :
∀ {X : eqType} (xs ys : seq X),
uniq xs →
(∀ x, x \in xs → x \in ys) →
size xs ≤ size ys.
Proof.
intros X xs ys UNIQ SUB.
have EXm: ∃ m, size ys ≤ m; first by ∃ (size ys).
move: EXm ⇒ [m SIZEm].
move: xs ys SIZEm UNIQ SUB.
elim: m ⇒ [|m IHm] xs ys SIZEm UNIQ SUB.
{ move: SIZEm; rewrite leqn0 size_eq0 ⇒ /eqP SIZEm; subst ys.
destruct xs as [|s xs]; first by done.
specialize (SUB s).
by feed SUB; [rewrite in_cons; apply/orP; left | done].
}
{ destruct xs as [ | x xs]; first by done.
move: (@in_cat _ x ys) ⇒ Lem.
feed Lem; first by apply SUB; rewrite in_cons; apply/orP; left.
move: Lem ⇒ [ysl [ysr EQ]]; subst ys.
rewrite !size_cat //= -addnC add1n addSn ltnS -size_cat; eapply IHm.
- move: SIZEm; rewrite !size_cat //= ⇒ SIZE.
by rewrite add1n addnS ltnS addnC in SIZE.
- by move: UNIQ; rewrite cons_uniq ⇒ /andP [_ UNIQ].
- intros a IN.
destruct (a == x) eqn: EQ.
{ exfalso.
move: EQ UNIQ; rewrite cons_uniq ⇒ /eqP EQ /andP [NIN UNIQ].
by subst; move: NIN ⇒ /negP NIN; apply: NIN.
}
{ specialize (SUB a).
feed SUB; first by rewrite in_cons; apply/orP; right.
clear IN; move: SUB; rewrite !mem_cat ⇒ /orP [IN| /orP [IN|IN]].
- by apply/orP; right.
- by exfalso; move: IN; rewrite in_cons ⇒ /orP [IN|IN]; [rewrite IN in EQ | ].
- by apply/orP; left.
}
}
Qed.
Given two sequences xs and ys, two elements x and y, and an index idx such that nth xs idx = x, nth ys idx = y, we show that the pair (x, y) is in zip xs ys.
Lemma in_zip :
∀ {X Y : eqType} (xs : seq X) (ys : seq Y) (x x__d : X) (y y__d : Y),
size xs = size ys →
(∃ idx, idx < size xs ∧ nth x__d xs idx = x ∧ nth y__d ys idx = y) →
(x, y) \in zip xs ys.
Proof.
move⇒ X Y xs ys x x__d y y__d.
elim: xs ys ⇒ [|x1 xs IHxs] ys EQ [idx [LT [NTHx NTHy]]] //.
destruct ys as [ | y1 ys]; first by done.
rewrite //= in_cons; apply/orP.
destruct idx as [ | idx]; [left | right].
{ by simpl in NTHx, NTHy; subst. }
{ simpl in NTHx, NTHy, LT.
eapply IHxs.
- by apply eq_add_S.
- by ∃ idx; repeat split; eauto.
}
Qed.
We prove that if no element of a sequence xs satisfies a predicate P, then filter P xs is equal to an empty sequence.
Lemma filter_in_pred0 :
∀ {X : eqType} (xs : seq X) (P : pred X),
(∀ x, x \in xs → ~~ P x) →
filter P xs = [::].
Proof.
move⇒ X xs P; elim: xs ⇒ [//|a xs IHxs] ALLF.
rewrite //= IHxs; last first.
+ by intros; apply ALLF; rewrite in_cons; apply/orP; right.
+ destruct (P a) eqn:EQ; last by done.
move: EQ ⇒ /eqP; rewrite eqb_id -[P a]Bool.negb_involutive ⇒ /negP T.
exfalso; apply: T.
by apply ALLF; apply/orP; left.
Qed.
We show that any two elements having the same index in a sequence must be equal.
Lemma eq_ind_in_seq :
∀ {X : eqType} (a b : X) (xs : seq X),
index a xs = index b xs →
a \in xs →
b \in xs →
a = b.
Proof.
move⇒ X a b xs EQ IN_a IN_b.
move: (nth_index a IN_a) ⇒ EQ_a.
move: (nth_index a IN_b) ⇒ EQ_b.
by rewrite -EQ_a -EQ_b EQ.
Qed.
We show that the nth element in a sequence is either in the sequence or is the default element.
Lemma default_or_in :
∀ {X : eqType} (n : nat) (d : X) (xs : seq X),
nth d xs n = d ∨ nth d xs n \in xs.
Proof.
move⇒ x n d xs; destruct (leqP (size xs) n).
- by left; apply nth_default.
- by right; apply mem_nth.
Qed.
We show that in a unique sequence of size greater than one there exist two unique elements.
Lemma exists_two :
∀ {X : eqType} (xs : seq X),
size xs > 1 →
uniq xs →
∃ a b, a ≠ b ∧ a \in xs ∧ b \in xs.
Proof.
move⇒ T xs GT1 UNIQ.
(* get an element of T so that we can use nth *)
have HEAD: ∃ x, ohead xs = Some x by elim: xs GT1 UNIQ ⇒ // a l _ _ _; ∃ a ⇒ //.
move: (HEAD) ⇒ [x0 _].
have GT0 : 0 < size xs by exact: ltn_trans GT1.
∃ (nth x0 xs 0).
∃ (nth x0 xs 1).
repeat split; try apply mem_nth ⇒ //.
apply /eqP; apply contraNneq with (b := (0 == 1)) ⇒ // /eqP.
by rewrite nth_uniq.
Qed.
The predicate all implies the predicate has, if the sequence is not empty.
Lemma has_all_nilp {T : eqType} :
∀ (s : seq T) (P : pred T),
all P s →
~~ nilp s →
has P s.
Proof.
case ⇒ // a s P /allP ALL _.
by apply /hasP; ∃ a; [|move: (ALL a); apply]; exact: mem_head.
Qed.

# Additional Lemmas about sorted

We show that if [x | x ∈ xs : P x] is sorted with respect to values of some function f, then it can be split into two parts: [x | x ∈ xs : P x ∧ f x ≤ t] and [x | x ∈ xs : P x ∧ f x ≤ t].
Lemma sorted_split :
∀ {X : eqType} (xs : seq X) P f t,
sorted (fun x y ⇒ f x ≤ f y) xs →
[seq x <- xs | P x] = [seq x <- xs | P x & f x ≤ t] ++ [seq x <- xs | P x & f x > t].
Proof.
clear; move⇒ X xs P f t; elim: xs ⇒ [//|a xs IHxs] /= SORT.
have TR : transitive (T:=X) (fun x y : X ⇒ f x ≤ f y).
{ intros ? ? ? LE1 LE2; lia. }
destruct (P a) eqn:Pa, (leqP (f a) t) as [R1 | R1]; simpl.
{ erewrite IHxs; first by reflexivity.
by eapply path_sorted; eauto. }
{ erewrite IHxs; last by eapply path_sorted; eauto.
replace ([seq x <- xs | P x & f x ≤ t]) with (@nil X); first by done.
symmetry; move: SORT; rewrite path_sortedE // ⇒ /andP [ALL SORT].
apply filter_in_pred0; intros ? IN; apply/negP; intros H; move: H ⇒ /andP [Px LEx].
by move: ALL ⇒ /allP ALL; specialize (ALL _ IN); simpl in ALL; lia.
}
{ by eapply IHxs, path_sorted; eauto. }
{ by eapply IHxs, path_sorted; eauto. }
Qed.
We show that if a sequence xs1 ++ xs2 is sorted, then both subsequences xs1 and xs2 are sorted as well.
Lemma sorted_cat :
∀ {X : eqType} {R : rel X} (xs1 xs2 : seq X),
transitive R →
sorted R (xs1 ++ xs2) → sorted R xs1 ∧ sorted R xs2.
Proof.
move⇒ X R; elim⇒ [//|a xs1 IHxs1] xs2 TR SORT; split.
{ move: SORT; rewrite /= path_sortedE// all_cat ⇒ /andP[/andP[ALL1 ALL2] SORT].
rewrite path_sortedE//; apply/andP; split⇒ //.
exact: (proj1 (IHxs1 _ _ SORT)).
}
{ simpl in *; move: SORT; rewrite //= path_sortedE // all_cat ⇒ /andP [/andP [ALL1 ALL2] SORT].
by apply IHxs1.
}
Qed.

# Additional Lemmas about last

First, we show that the default element does not change the value of last for non-empty sequences.
Lemma nonnil_last :
∀ {X : eqType} (xs : seq X) (d1 d2 : X),
xs != [::] →
last d1 xs = last d2 xs.
Proof. by move⇒ X xs d1 d2; elim: xs ⇒ [//|a xs IHxs] _. Qed.
We show that if a sequence xs contains an element that satisfies a predicate P, then the last element of filter P xs is in xs.
Lemma filter_last_mem :
∀ {X : eqType} (xs : seq X) (d : X) (P : pred X),
has P xs →
last d (filter P xs) \in xs.
Proof.
move⇒ X; elim⇒ [//|a xs IHxs] d P /hasP [x + Px].
rewrite in_cons ⇒ /orP [/eqP EQ | IN].
{ simpl; subst a; rewrite Px; simpl.
destruct (has P xs) eqn:HAS.
{ by rewrite in_cons; apply/orP; right; apply IHxs. }
{ replace (filter _ _) with (@nil X).
- by simpl; rewrite in_cons; apply/orP; left.
- symmetry; apply filter_in_pred0; intros y IN.
by move: HAS ⇒ /negP/negP/hasPn ALLN; apply: ALLN.
}
}
{ rewrite in_cons; apply/orP; right.
simpl; destruct (P a); simpl; apply IHxs.
all: by apply/hasP; ∃ x.
}
Qed.

# Removing all Instances of a Given Value from a List

Function rem from ssreflect removes only the first occurrence of an element in a sequence. We define function rem_all which removes all occurrences of an element in a sequence.
Fixpoint rem_all {X : eqType} (x : X) (xs : seq X) :=
match xs with
| [::] ⇒ [::]
| a :: xs ⇒
if a == x then rem_all x xs else a :: rem_all x xs
end.
First we prove that x ∉ rem_all x xs.
Lemma nin_rem_all :
∀ {X : eqType} (x : X) (xs : seq X),
¬ (x \in rem_all x xs).
Proof.
move⇒ X x; elim⇒ [//|a xs IHxs] IN.
apply: IHxs.
simpl in IN; destruct (a == x) eqn:EQ; first by done.
move: IN; rewrite in_cons ⇒ /orP [/eqP EQ2 | IN]; last by done.
by subst; exfalso; rewrite eq_refl in EQ.
Qed.
Next we show that rem_all x xs ⊆ xs.
Lemma in_rem_all :
∀ {X : eqType} (a x : X) (xs : seq X),
a \in rem_all x xs → a \in xs.
Proof.
intros X a x; elim⇒ [//|a0 xs IHxs] /= IN.
destruct (a0 == x) eqn:EQ.
- by rewrite in_cons; apply/orP; right; eauto.
- move: IN; rewrite in_cons ⇒ /orP [EQ2|IN].
+ by rewrite in_cons; apply/orP; left.
+ by rewrite in_cons; apply/orP; right; auto.
Qed.
If an element x is smaller than any element of a sequence xs, then rem_all x xs = xs.
Lemma rem_lt_id :
∀ x xs,
(∀ y, y \in xs → x < y) →
rem_all x xs = xs.
Proof.
move⇒ x; elim⇒ [//|a xs IHxs] MIN /=.
have → : (a == x) = false.
{ apply/eqP/eqP; rewrite neq_ltn; apply/orP; right.
by apply MIN; rewrite in_cons; apply/orP; left.
}
rewrite IHxs //.
intros; apply: MIN.
by rewrite in_cons; apply/orP; right.
Qed.

# Range of Indices

To have a more intuitive naming, we introduce the definition of range a b which is equal to index_iota a b.+1.
Definition range (a b : nat) := index_iota a b.+1.
In the following, we establish some lemmas about index_iota and range for lists.
First, we show that iota m n can be split into two parts iota m nle and iota (m + nle) (n - nle) for any nle ≤ n.
Lemma iotaD_impl :
∀ n_le m n,
n_le ≤ n →
iota m n = iota m n_le ++ iota (m + n_le) (n - n_le).
Proof.
move⇒ n_le m n LE.
interval_to_duration n_le n k.
by rewrite iotaD; replace (_ + _ - _) with k; last lia.
Qed.
Next, we prove that index_iota a b = a :: index_iota a.+1 b for a < b.
Remark index_iota_lt_step :
∀ a b,
a < b →
index_iota a b = a :: index_iota a.+1 b.
Proof.
move⇒ a b LT; unfold index_iota.
destruct b; first by done.
rewrite ltnS in LT.
by rewrite subSn //.
Qed.
Splitting index_iota t1 t2 at t yields two concatenated iotas.
Lemma index_iota_cat :
∀ t t1 t2,
t1 ≤ t ≤ t2 →
index_iota t1 t2 = index_iota t1 t ++ index_iota t t2.
Proof.
move⇒ t t1 t2 NEQ; rewrite /index_iota (iotaD_impl (t - t1)); last by lia.
by f_equal; f_equal; lia.
Qed.
We prove that one can remove duplicating element from the head of a sequence by which range is filtered.
Lemma range_filter_2cons :
∀ x xs k,
[seq ρ <- range 0 k | ρ \in x :: x :: xs]
= [seq ρ <- range 0 k | ρ \in x :: xs].
Proof.
move⇒ x xs k; apply: eq_filter ⇒ x0.
by rewrite !in_cons; destruct (x0 == x), (x0 \in xs).
Qed.
Consider a, b, and x s.t. a ≤ x < b, then filter of iota_index a b with predicate (_ == x) yields ::x.
Lemma index_iota_filter_eqx :
∀ x a b,
a ≤ x < b →
[seq ρ <- index_iota a b | ρ == x] = [::x].
Proof.
move⇒ x a b.
have EX : ∃ k, b - a ≤ k.
{ ∃ (b-a); by simpl. }
destruct EX as [k BO].
revert x a b BO; elim: k ⇒ [|k IHk] ⇒ x a b BO /andP [GE LT].
{ by exfalso; move: BO; rewrite leqn0 subn_eq0 ⇒ BO; lia. }
{ destruct a as [|a].
{ destruct b; first by done.
rewrite index_iota_lt_step //; simpl.
destruct (0 == x) eqn:EQ.
- move: EQ ⇒ /eqP EQ; subst x.
rewrite filter_in_pred0 //.
by intros x; rewrite mem_index_iota -lt0n ⇒ /andP [T1 _].
- by apply IHk; lia.
}
rewrite index_iota_lt_step; last by lia.
simpl; destruct (a.+1 == x) eqn:EQ.
- move: EQ ⇒ /eqP EQ; subst x.
rewrite filter_in_pred0 //.
intros x; rewrite mem_index_iota ⇒ /andP [T1 _].
by rewrite neq_ltn; apply/orP; right.
- by rewrite IHk //; lia.
}
Qed.
As a corollary we prove that filter of iota_index a b with predicate (_ ∈ [::x]) yields ::x.
Corollary index_iota_filter_singl :
∀ x a b,
a ≤ x < b →
[seq ρ <- index_iota a b | ρ \in [:: x]] = [::x].
Proof.
move⇒ x a b NEQ.
rewrite -{2}(index_iota_filter_eqx _ a b) //.
apply eq_filter; intros ?.
by repeat rewrite in_cons; rewrite in_nil Bool.orb_false_r.
Qed.
Next we prove that if an element x is not in a sequence xs, then iota_index a b filtered with predicate (_ ∈ xs) is equal to iota_index a b filtered with predicate (_ ∈ rem_all x xs).
Lemma index_iota_filter_inxs :
∀ a b x xs,
x < a →
[seq ρ <- index_iota a b | ρ \in xs]
= [seq ρ <- index_iota a b | ρ \in rem_all x xs].
Proof.
intros a b x xs LT.
apply eq_in_filter.
intros y; rewrite mem_index_iota ⇒ /andP [LE GT].
elim: xs ⇒ [//|y' xs IHxs].
rewrite in_cons IHxs; simpl; clear IHxs.
destruct (y == y') eqn:EQ1, (y' == x) eqn:EQ2; auto.
- by exfalso; move: EQ1 EQ2 ⇒ /eqP EQ1 /eqP EQ2; subst; lia.
- by move: EQ1 ⇒ /eqP EQ1; subst; rewrite in_cons eq_refl.
- by rewrite in_cons EQ1.
Qed.
We prove that if an element x is a min of a sequence xs, then iota_index a b filtered with predicate (_ ∈ x::xs) is equal to x :: iota_index a b filtered with predicate (_ ∈ rem_all x xs).
Lemma index_iota_filter_step :
∀ x xs a b,
a ≤ x < b →
(∀ y, y \in xs → x ≤ y) →
[seq ρ <- index_iota a b | ρ \in x :: xs]
= x :: [seq ρ <- index_iota a b | ρ \in rem_all x xs].
Proof.
intros x xs a b B MIN.
have EX : ∃ k, b - a ≤ k.
{ ∃ (b-a); by simpl. } destruct EX as [k BO].
revert x xs a b B MIN BO.
elim: k ⇒ [ |k IHk] x xs a b /andP [LE GT] MIN BO.
- by move_neq_down BO; lia.
- move: LE; rewrite leq_eqVlt ⇒ /orP [/eqP EQ|LT].
+ subst.
rewrite index_iota_lt_step //.
replace ([seq ρ <- x :: index_iota x.+1 b | ρ \in x :: xs])
with (x :: [seq ρ <- index_iota x.+1 b | ρ \in x :: xs]); last first.
{ by rewrite /= in_cons eqxx.
}
rewrite (index_iota_filter_inxs _ _ x) //; simpl.
rewrite eq_refl.
replace (@in_mem nat x (@mem nat (seq_predType _) (@rem_all _ x xs))) with false; first by reflexivity.
apply/eqP; rewrite eq_sym eqbF_neg.
apply/negP; apply nin_rem_all.
+ rewrite index_iota_lt_step //; last by lia.
replace ([seq ρ <- a :: index_iota a.+1 b | ρ \in x :: xs])
with ([seq ρ <- index_iota a.+1 b | ρ \in x :: xs]); last first.
{ simpl; replace (@in_mem nat a (@mem nat (seq_predType _) (@cons nat x xs))) with false; first by done.
apply/eqP; rewrite eq_sym eqbF_neg.
apply/negP; rewrite in_cons; intros C; move: C ⇒ /orP [/eqP C|C].
- by subst; rewrite ltnn in LT.
- by move_neq_down LT; apply MIN.
}
replace ([seq ρ <- a :: index_iota a.+1 b | ρ \in rem_all x xs])
with ([seq ρ <- index_iota a.+1 b | ρ \in rem_all x xs]); last first.
{ simpl; replace (@in_mem nat a (@mem nat (seq_predType _) (@rem_all _ x xs))) with false; first by done.
apply/eqP; rewrite eq_sym eqbF_neg; apply/negP; intros C.
apply in_rem_all in C.
by move_neq_down LT; apply MIN.
}
by rewrite IHk //; lia.
Qed.
For convenience, we define a special case of lemma index_iota_filter_step for a = 0 and b = k.+1.
Corollary range_iota_filter_step :
∀ x xs k,
x ≤ k →
(∀ y, y \in xs → x ≤ y) →
[seq ρ <- range 0 k | ρ \in x :: xs]
= x :: [seq ρ <- range 0 k | ρ \in rem_all x xs].
Proof.
intros x xs k LE MIN.
by apply index_iota_filter_step; auto.
Qed.
We prove that if x < a, then x < (filter P (index_iota a b))[idx] for any predicate P.
Lemma iota_filter_gt :
∀ x a b idx P,
x < a →
idx < size ([seq x <- index_iota a b | P x]) →
x < nth 0 [seq x <- index_iota a b | P x] idx.
Proof.
clear⇒ x a b idx P.
have EX : ∃ k, b - a ≤ k.
{ ∃ (b-a); by simpl. } destruct EX as [k BO].
revert x a b idx P BO; elim: k ⇒ [|k IHk].
- move ⇒ x a b idx P BO LT1 LT2.
move: BO; rewrite leqn0 ⇒ /eqP BO.
by rewrite /index_iota BO in LT2; simpl in LT2.
- move ⇒ x a b idx P BO LT1 LT2.
case: (leqP b a) ⇒ [N|N].
+ move: N; rewrite -subn_eq0 ⇒ /eqP EQ.
by rewrite /index_iota EQ //= in LT2.
+ rewrite index_iota_lt_step; last by done.
simpl in *; destruct (P a) eqn:PA.
× destruct idx; simpl; first by done.
apply IHk; try lia.
by rewrite index_iota_lt_step // //= PA //= in LT2.
× apply IHk; try lia.
by rewrite index_iota_lt_step // //= PA //= in LT2.
Qed.

# Additional Lemmas about count

If f implies g for all elements in xs, then the number of elements in xs satisfying f is less than or equal to the number of elements satisfying g.
Lemma sub_count_seq :
∀ {X : eqType} (f g : pred X) (xs : seq X),
{in xs, ∀ x, f x → g x} →
count f xs ≤ count g xs.
Proof.
move⇒ X f g xs LE; rewrite -!size_filter -!sum1_size !big_filter.
rewrite big_seq_cond [leqRHS]big_seq_cond big_mkcond [leqRHS]big_mkcond.
apply leq_sum ⇒ t _; destruct (_ \in _) eqn:IN, (f t) eqn:FT, (g t) eqn:GT ⇒ //.
by move: (LE _ IN); rewrite FT GT ⇒ FA.
Qed.
We adapt ssreflect’s count_predUI lemma for easier rewriting: the count of elements satisfying P1 ∪ P2 equals the sum of counts for P1 and P2, minus the count of elements satisfying both.
Lemma count_predUI' :
∀ (P1 P2 : pred nat) (xs : seq nat),
count (predU P1 P2) xs = count P1 xs + count P2 xs - count (predI P1 P2) xs.
Proof.
by move⇒ P1 P2 xs; rewrite -(count_predUI P1 P2 xs) -addnBA // subnn addn0.
Qed.

# Prefix Definitions

A sequence xs is a prefix of another sequence ys iff there exists a sequence xs_tail such that ys is a concatenation of xs and xs_tail.
Definition prefix_of {T : eqType} (xs ys : seq T) := ∃ xs_tail, xs ++ xs_tail = ys.
Furthermore, every prefix of a sequence is said to be strict if it is not equal to the sequence itself.
Definition strict_prefix_of {T : eqType} (xs ys : seq T) :=
∃ xs_tail, xs_tail ≠ [::] ∧ xs ++ xs_tail = ys.

# Shifting Sequences of Natural Numbers

We define a helper function that shifts a sequence of numbers "forward" by a constant offset, and an analogous version that shifts them "backwards," removing any number that, in the absence of Coq' s saturating subtraction, would become negative. These functions are useful in transforming abstract RTA's search space.
Definition shift_points_pos (xs : seq nat) (s : nat) : seq nat :=
map (addn s) xs.
Definition shift_points_neg (xs : seq nat) (s : nat) : seq nat :=
let nonsmall := filter (fun x ⇒ x ≥ s) xs in
map (fun x ⇒ x - s) nonsmall.